Conventional Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles Research Articles

Clean energy synergy with electric vehicles: Insights into carbon footprint

This study empirically examines the impact of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and clean energy adoption on carbon footprints. With growing concerns over climate change and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the transition to electric vehicles and clean energy sources has gained significant attention as potential solutions. This research investigates the relationship between the adoption of EVs and clean energy technologies and their subsequent effect on carbon footprints. The study applied the Generalised Method Moments (GMM) on the data sourced from the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the World Development Indicators (WDI) for the period 2011–2021 covering 27 countries. The findings reveal a strong correlation between the adoption of EVs and reductions in carbon footprints. It shows that a 1 % increase in renewable electricity output would result in a 0.5 % decline in carbon footprints. This implies that, as EV sales increase, the overall carbon emissions from the transportation sector decrease, primarily due to the lower emissions associated with electric vehicles compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. Additionally, the study finds that the integration of clean energy sources into the electricity grid further contributes to carbon footprint reductions. The use of renewable energy in charging EVs minimizes the indirect emissions associated with electricity generation. The research concludes that the widespread adoption of EVs and clean energy sources has the potential to significantly reduce carbon footprints and mitigate the impact of climate change. However, it emphasizes the importance of continued technological advancements, increased availability of charging infrastructure, and supportive government policies to accelerate the transition towards a low-carbon transportation and energy system. Therefore, the study highlights the need for collaborative efforts among governments, industry stakeholders, and individuals to foster sustainable practices and achieve a more environmentally friendly future.

Factors influencing household VMT considering differences between ICE and electric vehicles

AbstractThis study examines factors affecting household vehicle miles traveled (VMT) with a focus on the differences between electric vehicles (EVs) and conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). This study mainly utilizes detailed individual‐level data from the 2017 National Household Travel Survey‐California Add‐on (2017 NHTS‐CA). We first classify households into three groups such as (1) households with only ICEVs, (2) households with only EVs, and (3) households with both ICEVs and EVs. We then employ ordinary least square regression models to analyze the determinants of household VMT across three groups. Second, we focus on households with both ICEVs and EVs to look at the substitute patterns between ICEVs and EVs. We employ a fractional logit model to analyze the factors affecting the share of EVs' VMT in total household VMT. Key findings are as follows. First, households with only EVs tend to have lower household VMT than others. Second, available charging stations near residential locations lead to longer households VMT in households with only EVs. Third, employment density has different effects on household VMT by groups. For instance, high employment density leads to shorter household VMT in households with only ICEVs and with both ICEVs and EVs. On the other hand, high employment density reveals a statistically positive effect on household VMT in households with only EVs. Lastly, in households with both ICEVs and EVs, the share of EVs' VMT is likely to increase in total household VMT if EVs are used more for work trips and shopping/family errands.

Research on the New Power of Car Making Ideal Car

In response to the escalating depletion of fossil fuel reserves and the detrimental environmental impacts of conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, the global automotive industry is undergoing a transformative shift towards clean, sustainable, and energy-efficient new energy vehicles (NEVs). This article scrutinizes the remarkable ascent of Ideal Cars, a prominent player in the burgeoning Chinese NEV market. In light of these developments, this scholarly examination explores the multifaceted determinants underpinning Ideal Cars' remarkable trajectory, encompassing its foundational evolution, distinctive technological orientation, nuanced user-centric approach, financial performance, scene-based marketing strategies, and innovative organizational structure. This comprehensive analysis underscores the imperative nature of consumer-oriented product design, the psychological aspects of consumer satisfaction, and the paramount influence of market dynamics in shaping the success of high-end automotive ventures. Ideal Cars' unprecedented journey serves as an instructive case study for the prospective evolution of the NEV industry in China and globally.

Comparative Analysis of Operational Advantages and Disadvantages Between Conventional Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles and Electric Vehicles based on Tesla

The automotive industry is undergoing a transformative phase driven by concerns over environmental sustainability, energy efficiency, and technological advancements. In this context, the shift from conventional internal combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs) has emerged as a focal point. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of operational pros and cons between conventional internal combustion engine vehicles and electric vehicles, using Tesla as a case study. This paper undertakes a comprehensive comparative analysis of financial and operational aspects among leading automotive companies: Tesla, Volkswagen, and Toyota. This comparative exploration highlights the transformative potential of the new energy vehicle sector.

Strategies for Reducing Booming Noise Generated by the Tailgate of an Electric Sport Utility Vehicle

This article investigates the source of booming noise emanating from the tailgate of an electric sport utility vehicle (SUV), along with proposed strategies to mitigate it. This annoying low-frequency booming noise, which significantly impacts interior sound quality, is less perceptible in conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. However, this noise is more readily detected in electric SUVs, highlighting the necessity for focused measures to reduce it. This study involved the measurement of booming noises during on-road vehicle tests to pinpoint their origins. Additionally, ODSs were extracted from the tailgate vibration signals to gain insight into its dynamic behavior. Modal tests were conducted on the tailgate to determine its dynamic characteristics and compared with driving test results to reveal the mechanism responsible for tailgate-induced booming noise. It was established that such noise is primarily due to the tailgate modes, resulting from a combination of rigid body motion in the fore-aft direction and deformation in the central section of the panel. An analytical model of the tailgate was developed using commercial finite-element analysis software to propose measures for reducing booming noise. Experimental findings validated this model’s accuracy. Structural enhancements were implemented to enhance the panel stiffness and improve the connection between the vehicle and tailgate via bushings to reduce the booming noise resulting from tailgate motion. Under random force inputs, the analytical results demonstrated a 13.8% reduction in maximum deformation in the tailgate model in the improved structural configuration with increased panel stiffness. This study identifies the mechanism generating booming noise, establishes a practical and simple dynamic model, and proposes improvement measures aimed at reducing the booming noise.

CanmetMINING diesel and BEV field test series: MacLean Engineering diesel and battery electric cassette truck

ABSTRACTIn light of Canada’s goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 and conditions in increasingly deeper mines, the trend in Canadian mines is to move away from conventional internal combustion engine vehicles and toward battery electric vehicles (BEVs). However, the limited driving range and the longer time required to recharge a battery than refuel a tank could reduce BEV availability and negatively affect production targets. Understanding the differences between these two technologies is critical when designing a new mine or transforming an existing fossil fuel-based fleet into an electric fleet. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to compare diesel cassette trucks (DCTs) and electric cassette trucks (ECTs) in terms of net fuel and energy consumption, respectively. MacLean Engineering heavy-duty DCTs and ECTs were field-tested at Vale’s North Mine surface ramp at 5 and 15 km/h and loaded with the same weight. The controlled 2.5-km test route comprised 10 sections of 0, 5, 10, and 20% uphill and downhill inclination grades. This paper compares DCT and ECT performance in terms of ability to maintain the target speed under different operational conditions and fuel and energy consumption. The energy captured through regenerative braking and charging information was also evaluated for the ECT. An energy to fuel ratio (kWh/L) was calculated for various operating conditions. Furthermore, the data were used in a hypothetical duty cycle to estimate DCT and ECT availability within a work shift.

Battery Technologies in Electric Vehicles: Improvements in Electric Battery Packs

Restrictions on fossil fuels and related environmental pollution issues motivate many organizations and countries to set their focus on electric vehicles (EVs) rather than conventional internal combustion engine vehicles [1], [2]. EVs require an energy storage system to store converted electric power in another form of energy and then reconvert the stored energy to electric power whenever it is required. The energy stored can be converted to electric energy for various uses, such as movement, lighting, and heating (although accessories are supplied by a 12-V auxiliary battery; the auxiliary battery is supplied by the main battery pack or by recuperative energy). Fortunately, many electrical energy storage technologies are available, with some offered commercially while others are in the research and development stage [3], [4]. Electrochemical energy storage systems use various technologies [5], [6]. Energy storage systems, the heart of EVs, are composed of battery cells, battery modules, and a battery pack. Researchers work on various sections of battery packs to improve their performance [7]. These sections are illustrated in Figure 1. As shown in the figure, some EV battery technology developers are studying chemical materials to increase the capacity, power, energy density, safety, and cell voltage. In the past century, the most common batteries for EV applications were Pb–acid and Ni-based batteries [8]. In current use, Li-ion-based batteries are at the top.

Impact of cobalt recycling on China's electrification process: Assessing the potential reduction in cobalt demand from battery recycling

China is actively promoting the transition from conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to electric vehicles (EVs) to achieve its goal of carbon peaking and neutrality. However, this shift will result in a continuous increase in demand for lithium-ion batteries for EVs, leading to a significant rise in demand for cobalt, further exacerbating the risk of cobalt resource supply in China. The study considered three electrification levels, three battery technology routes, two battery capacities, two dynamic battery lifetimes, and two recycling efficiencies, resulting in 36 demand scenarios and 72 recycling scenarios while increasing the precision of the study to the inter-provincial level. The results indicate that China's cobalt demand will be huge, peaking around 2039, with annual demand ranging from 78.29 kt to 359.40 kt, and the current production capacity and reserves are completely inadequate to meet the growing cobalt demand. In some specific scenarios, secondary cobalt demand remains higher than or close to primary cobalt demand between 2035 and 2040, and secondary cobalt demand becomes a significant component affecting total cobalt demand. In terms of recycling, closed-loop recycling can cover 45.1%–59.3% of annual cobalt demand in 2039. With rapid recovery efficiency, cobalt recovery in multiple scenarios can already fully meet primary cobalt demand, and the recovery potential is enormous. Furthermore, adopting low-cobalt battery technology, which extends battery life and reduces battery replacement in EVs, can significantly reduce secondary cobalt demand. At the provincial level, cobalt demand and recycling in China are unevenly distributed, with provinces with high demand for cobalt showing a trend of shifting from inland areas in the northwest to central and eastern coastal areas. In contrast, the areas with the largest recycling volume remain in the north. Therefore, accelerating the promotion of low cobalt and long-life battery technology and improving recycling efficiency can greatly alleviate the cobalt supply risk in China's electrification process. Additionally, specific spatial layouts should be given attention to ensure the sound development of China's EV industry through national coordination so that the double carbon target can be accomplished on time or even ahead of schedule.

CanmetMINING battery electric vehicle field test series: Relay utility vehicle

ABSTRACT Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have been used increasingly in Canadian mines to replace conventional internal combustion engine vehicles due to their high efficiency, low heat production, and zero emissions locally. To help understand BEV technology, performance, and energy consumed under different work conditions, CanmetMINING and CanmetENERGY conducted a series of tests on the Miller Technology Relay BEV at Vale’s North Mine site in Ontario, Canada. The 1.25-km test route comprises uphill and downhill sections with flat (0%), 5%, 10%, and 20% inclination grades. The BEV was driven through the route in both directions to complete multiple 2.5-km laps at 5 and 15 km/h while loaded and empty. This paper presents test results normalized by distance, including energy consumed and captured tabulated by inclination grade, speed, and load. The consumed and captured energy ranged from −1.4 to 4.5 kWh/km at 5 km/h and from −2.0 to 3.7 kWh/km at 15 km/h. The battery charging data and variation in state of charge are also presented to describe the energy balance during BEV operation. A vehicle energy model calibrated against the field test data was used to estimate the energy consumption of a utility BEV operated in an underground mine.

The application challenge of electric vehicles

The growing demand for sustainable transportation has prompted an accelerated transition toward electric vehicles (EVs) as a promising solution to mitigate the environmental impact of conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. This research analyzes the key challenges and technologies associated with EVs, aiming to produce insights into this rapidly evolving field. The challenges surrounding EVs encompass various aspects, including limited driving range, lack of access to electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS), charging times for EVs, and safety considerations. To overcome these challenges, several technological advancements have emerged. Battery technology has advanced to extend the driving range per charge of an electric vehicle. Various models and algorithms to study the EVs charging station placement problem (EVCSPP) have been proposed to find the optimal location to build the charging stations. The advancement of extreme fast charging (XFC) technology and the intelligent transport system (ITS) shorten the charging time to improve the practicality of EVs adoption. Furthermore, the EVs charging standard and risk management have been introduced to ensure a secure charging system. By addressing these challenges and leveraging innovative technologies, a comprehensive and sustainable charging network can be realized, facilitating the transition towards a cleaner and greener transportation system.

A Review on Control Methods of SEPIC Converters

In recent years, electric vehicles have witnessed a surge in popularity due to their energy-saving and eco-friendly attributes. Unlike conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, electric vehicles exhibit superior performance and operational efficiency. Within the realm of modern electric vehicles, power electronic circuits, notably including DC-DC converters, play a pivotal role. Among these converters, single- ended primary-inductor converters (SEPIC) find extensive use in scenarios where minimizing input and output ripple currents is essential. The primary objective of this project is to conceive and put into action advanced controllers for SEPIC converters, catering to a diverse range of applications, encompassing battery-powered devices, solar energy systems, and LED lighting systems. Key Words: DC-DC converter, SEPIC converter, PID, SMC, ASMC, Fuzzy logic Control.

Carbon emissions reduction potentiality for railroad transportation based on life cycle assessment

This study addresses the comparative carbon emissions of different transportation modes within a unified evaluation framework, focusing on their carbon footprints from inception to disposal. Specifically, the entire life cycle carbon emissions of High-Speed Rail (HSR), battery electric vehicles, conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, battery electric buses, and conventional internal combustion engine buses are analyzed. The life cycle is segmented into vehicle manufacturing, fuel or electricity production, operational, and dismantling-recycling stages. This analysis is applied to the Beijing-Tianjin intercity transportation system to explore emission reduction strategies. Results indicate that HSR demonstrates significant carbon emission reduction, with an intensity of only 24 %–32 % compared to private vehicles and 47 %–89 % compared to buses. Notably, HSR travel for Beijing-Tianjin intercity emits only 24 % of private vehicle emissions, demonstrating the emission reduction benefits of transportation structure optimization. Additionally, predictive modeling reveals the potential for carbon emission reduction through energy structure optimization, providing a guideline for the development of effective transportation management systems.

Fire extinguishment tests of electric vehicles in an open sided enclosure

Electric vehicles may represent a new type of risk and require a change in fire protection and firefighting techniques in vehicle carriers and parking garages. This study presents an experimental assessment of firefighting techniques and fire dynamics of electric cars in an open-sided enclosure. The enclosure had dimensions of 12.2 m by 7.1 m, and openings of 7.1 m by 2.4 m on either end of the enclosure. A total of nine tests were performed, of which seven were conducted on the same type of car (Renault Fluence ZE). The other two electric cars tested were Tesla Model 3 and Nissan Leaf. The electric cars were surrounded by conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, and ignition was induced by short circuit of the battery. When this was not possible an external fuel load was used. The results of the tests show a significant variation in fire growth rates. Gas temperatures peaked at 1000 °C in some of the tests. The flame spread to neighboring cars occurred between 3 min and 46 min depending on the firefighting method used.

DESAIN SISTEM MONITORING FLOWMETER KOMUNIKASI RS 232 MENGGUNAKAN SOFTWARE NODE-RED PADA FUEL CELL ELECTRIC VEHICLE

One of the applications of fuel cells is Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV). FCEV is more efficient and produces no carbon emissions than conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. FCEV emitting only water vapor and warm air. This research hoped will provide new knowledge regarding the monitoring system for hydrogen output in FCEVs using the Node-RED software application, as well as regarding flowmeters with RS 232 output. The design of this serial flowmeter monitoring system was carried out in the fuel cell laboratory, the Energy Conversion and Conservation Research Center (PRKKE). This research was carried out by direct observation of the laboratory where fuel cell electric cars were studied, and collected data directly in the laboratory. The Node-RED flow design begins by providing a timestamp every 10 seconds when FCEV is operated, debugging to determine how the results of trials and failures occur. When FCEV is operated, a tenth of a second of data from the flowmeter enters the Moxa Nport device server. This monitoring design combines the Moxa NPort 5230 device server, battery supply, flowmeter with RS232 communication, and several electronic circuits. The flowmeter testing experiment for hydrogen output data on Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles obtained 1.38 with a speed of 1.46 l/min.

Environmental Impact Assessment of Autonomous Transportation Systems

The transportation industry has led efforts to fight climate change and reduce air pollution. Autonomous electric vehicles (A-EVs) that use artificial intelligence, next-generation batteries, etc., are predicted to replace conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) in the coming years. In this study, we performed a life cycle assessment to analyze A-EVs and compare their impacts with those from EV and ICEV systems. The scope of the analysis consists of the manufacturing and use phases, and a functional unit of 150,000 miles·passenger was chosen for the assessment. Our results on the impacts from the manufacturing phase of the analyzed systems show that the A-EV systems have higher impacts than other transportation systems in the majority of the impacts categories analyzed (e.g., global warming potential, ozone depletion, human toxicity-cancer) and, on average, EV systems were found to be the slightly more environmentally friendly than ICEV systems. The high impacts in A-EV are due to additional components such as cameras, sonar, and radar. In comparing the impacts from the use phase, we also analyzed the impact of automation and found that the use phase impacts of A-EVs outperform EV and ICEV in many aspects, including global warming potential, acidification, and smog formation. To interpret the results better, we also investigated the impacts of electricity grids on the use phase impact of alternative transportation options for three representative countries with different combinations of renewable and conventional primary energy resources such as hydroelectric, nuclear, and coal. The results revealed that A-EVs used in regions that have hydropower-based electric mix become the most environmentally friendly transportation option than others.

Centralized charging station planning for battery electric trucks considering the impacts on electricity distribution systems

To address environmental challenges resulting from transportation sector’s carbon emissions, replacing conventional internal combustion engine vehicles with electric vehicles is a key solution. Comprehensive electrification of heavy-duty trucks can promote the decarbonization of the freight transportation. The mismatch of supporting infrastructures is one of the major barriers to the deployment of battery-electric trucks (BET). BET charging behaviors and vehicle daily operations could influence the charging station planning and electricity distribution systems, which will cause the costs of upgrading distribution grid. This paper studies centralized BET charging station planning, considering the impacts of plug-in fast charging mode on the distribution systems. First, the BET model is proposed to capture BETs charging load profiles based on real-world operating data. Then, a mixed-integer programming model is formulated for charging station planning considering the upgrade requirements for distribution systems based on the BET model. After the co-optimization of centralized charging station planning and charging strategies of BET, the size of charging stations and charging schedules are determined. The results of numerical experiments indicate that charging demand from 50 BET can be met at current charging infrastructure technologies (>60 kW per charger) with a 37% reduction in the upgrade of distribution systems if incorporating managed charging strategy.

Well-to-wheel performance of internal combustion engine vehicles and electric vehicles – study for future Indian market

ABSTRACT Thanks to top-notch vehicle testing and internationally standardized inspections, the modes of transportation are cleaner and more efficient today. Though the development for conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) has almost saturated today, yet it retains the commercial/heavy-duty (trucks and buses) automobile market. Thus, it becomes of utmost importance to analyze the well-to-wheel efficiency for determining the overall energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while transitioning toward sustainable transportation. Electric vehicles (EVs) do have environmental impacts that are directly related to the country’s electricity generation, as they may involve fossil burning where other alternative sources of energy are not adequately present. This paper presents the overall energy efficiencies and GHG emissions from commercial/heavy-duty ICEVs and EVs. The study also briefly compares the other vehicle segments like 2 Wheeler, 3 Wheeler, and cars. Finally, the results show that commercial/heavy-duty ICEVs are advantageous over heavy-duty EVs when the GHG emissions are considered as of today. The commercial/heavy-duty ICEVs emit over 405 g CO2e/km, and counter EVs produce 706 g CO2e/km. The GHG emissions from 2 Wheeler ICEV were 46 g CO2e/km and by the same segment, EV is 13 g CO2e/km. Moving toward the car segment, an ICEV car produces around 158 g CO2e/km and an EV of a similar model emits 67 g CO2e/km. Furthermore, the 3 Wheeler ICEV emits around 99 g CO2e/km and a 3 Wheeler EV produces lesser at 24 g CO2e/km. Moving further on well-to-wheel energy efficiency, ICEVs have a maximum overall energy efficiency of 28%. Since EVs use various sources of energy for charging the battery, the overall efficiency was found to be at least 21% and maximum up to 39%. Thus, on an average EVs presently have a well-to-wheel efficiency of 32% when electricity generation mix is used for charging.

Impacts on real-world extra cold start emissions: Fuel injection, powertrain, aftertreatment and ambient temperature

Vehicles emit substantial amounts of pollutants during start periods. Engine starts mainly occur in urban areas, causing serious harm to humans. To investigate the impacts on extra cold start emissions (ECSEs), eleven China 6 vehicles with various control technologies (fuel injection, powertrain, and aftertreatment) were monitored with a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) at different temperatures. For conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), the average ECSEs of CO2 increased by 24%, while the average ECSEs of NOx and particle number (PN) decreased by 38% and 39%, respectively, with air conditioning (AC) on. Gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles had 5% lower CO2 ECSEs, but 261% higher NOx ECSEs and 318% higher PN ECSEs than port fuel injection (PFI) vehicles at 23 °C. The average PN ECSEs were significantly reduced by gasoline particle filters (GPFs). The GPF filtration efficiency was higher in GDI than PFI vehicles due to particle size distribution. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) generated excessive PN extra start emissions (ESEs), resulting in a 518% increase compared to ICEVs. The start times of the GDI-engine HEV accounted for 11% of the whole test time, but the proportion of PN ESEs relative to total emissions were 23%. Linear simulation based on the decrease in ECSEs with increasing temperature underestimated the PN ECSEs from PFI and GDI vehicles by 39% and 21%, respectively. For ICEVs, CO ECSEs varied with temperature in a U shape with a minimum at 27 °C; NOx ECSEs decreased as ambient temperature increased; PFI vehicles generated more PN ECSEs at 32 °C than GDI vehicles, stressing the significance of ECSEs at high temperature. These results are useful for improving emission models and assessing air pollution exposure in urban aeras.

Antecedents of Electric Vehicle Purchase Intention from the Consumer’s Perspective: A Systematic Literature Review

The growing demand for conventional internal combustion engine vehicles can aggravate the current energy and environmental crisis by presenting a higher dependence on fossil fuels and a higher level of greenhouse gases. The transition to electric mobility is a sustainable solution to mitigate the negative impact on the environment and energy security. In recent years, global sales of electric vehicles (EVs) have grown steadily; however, their worldwide market share is still less than 10%. The present study aims to improve and strengthen the knowledge base on consumer behavior toward EV purchases by investigating the antecedents of EV purchase intention, as well as their impact. This paper is based on a systematic literature review where 63 articles published between 1994 and 2021 were analyzed. The antecedents were classified into three main categories: consumer characteristics, EV characteristics, and EV-related policies. A summary model represents the impact information of each of the main antecedents. The descriptive results of the sample are also discussed. Finally, this study indicates directions for future research and recommendations for developing the most effective strategies and policies that will accelerate the transition to a more sustainable future.

Isolated DC-DC Power Converters for Simultaneous Charging of Electric Vehicle Batteries: Research Review, Design, High-Frequency Transformer Testing, Power Quality Concerns, and Future

The transportation industry is transitioning from conventional Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICVs) to Electric Vehicles (EVs) due to the depletion of fossil fuels and the rise in non-traditional energy sources. EVs are emerging as the new leaders in the industry. Some essential requirements necessary for the widespread adoption of EVs include sufficient charging stations with numerous chargers, less to no wait time before charging, quick charging, and better range. To enable a quicker transition from ICVs to EVs, commercial organizations and governments would have to put in a mammoth effort, given the low number of installed chargers in developing nations such as India. One solution to lower the waiting time is to have multiple vehicles charging simultaneously, which might involve charging two- and four-wheelers simultaneously, even though their battery voltage ratings differ. This paper begins by providing the details of the power sources for EV charging, the charging levels and connector types, along with the specifications of some of the commercial chargers. The necessity of AC-DC converters in EV charging systems is addressed along with the power quality concerns due to the increased penetration of EVs. Next, a review of the existing research and technology of isolated DC-DC converters for simultaneous charging of EV batteries is provided. Further, several potential isolated DC-DC converter topologies for simultaneous charging are described with their design and loss estimation. A summary of the existing products and projects with simultaneous charging features is provided. Finally, insight is given into the future of simultaneous charging.